- Received December 03, 2022
- Accepted December 28, 2022
- Publication February 20, 2023
- Visibility 4 Views
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- DOI 10.18231/j.ijashnb.2022.033
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CrossMark
- Citation
Plexiform neurofibromatosis of face – Recent advances in the management
- Author Details:
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Kaushik Bhattacharya *
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Neela Bhattacharya
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Aditya Shikar Bhattacharya
Kaushik Bhattacharya *
Neela Bhattacharya
Introduction
Plexiform Neurofibromatosis (PNs) are a common manifestation of the genetic disorder neurofibromatosis type 1(NF1). Known classically as a benign nerve sheath tumor, they often cause significant morbidity, with treatment options largely limited to surgery only . However, in the past two decades, the Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitor selumetinib is showing promising treatment of PNs. [1] The incidence of Neurofibromatosis'(NF 1) type 1 (von Recklinghausen NF) occurs in 1 of 4000 births and is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern with variable penetrance. Spontaneous mutation occurs in 50% of cases. Genetically, the disease results from a defect in a tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 17, predisposing the patient to benign and malignant tumors.
Surgical Management
Surgeons were reluctant to perform surgery on PNs as it was noted that 54% recur within a 10-year period, with the greatest risk of recurrence found in lesions involving the head and neck and in children treated when younger than 10 years.[2] A considerable controversy persists regarding the indications and timing of surgical interventions for PNs of the head and neck. Recurrence is more if the surgical resection had been incomplete. Moreover, surgery cannot achieve complete tumor removal and carries a high risk of postoperative deficits and morbidity as PNs can be highly vascular, involve multiple nerve fascicles, and become large enough to cause significant deformity with pain and functional changes. Another challenge for surgical intervention in PNs is the lack of a well-defined capsule and a mesh of interwoven spindle cells, collagen fibres and axons that diffusely infiltrate the involved nerve making it extremely difficult to get a well-defined surgical plane of dissection. [3] There has been a case report of a giant plexiform neurofibroma of the lower back and buttock who underwent pre-operative embolization and intraoperative use of a linear cutting stapler system to assist with haemostasis during the surgical resection. [4] A pre-operative biopsy may cause inflammation and scarring within the lesion, resulting in adhesion of the tumor to the fascicles, so there is a vexing problem even there. However, PNs in two specific locations, orbital–periorbital plexiform neurofibroma (OPPN) and paraspinal PN, deserve special surgical attention.
In a gist, the indications for surgical intervention in PNs of the head and neck are: 1) to exclude malignant transformation in a rapidly growing mass; 2) to keep the airway patent 3) to alleviate compressive symptoms of neural structures, particularly in paraspinal PNs; 4) to achieve aesthetic results, particularly in individuals with trigeminal lesions and the risk of facial nerve palsy. [5]
Non-surgical management
Due to surgical difficulty and recurrence post-surgery many non-surgical interventions were tried for non-cutaneous PNSTs including cryoablation, radiosurgery, microwave ablation, sclerotherapy, laser, and radiofrequency ablation. The indication for the use of chemotherapy and radiotherapy is limited by high toxicity rates in NF1 patients and is not recommended. [[Figure 1], [Figure 2]]
Medical management with mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors (MEKi )
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) is a key protein in the signal transduction pathway for many growth factor receptors that supply growth signals to the tumor cells. Selumetinib is an inhibitor of MEK (MEKi), which can mediate anti-tumor effects in PNs by inhibiting Ras signaling. The recent regulatory approvals (including the United States, Europe, and Brazil) of the MEK inhibitor selumetinib for children with NF1 and symptomatic, inoperable PNs have changed the clinical landscape in its management. The phase 1 and 2 clinical trials with the MEKi selumetinib for children with inoperable symptomatic PNs resulted in a partial response in 71% and 74% of patients, respectively. [1] It was also seen that the patients also experienced less pain and improved function and quality of life while on treatment which was significant. Thus, selumetinib became the first medical drug of choice to be approved by the FDA for the management of PNs in children. Several trials have established that Selumetinib exhibits impressive antitumor activity and sustained clinical benefit in patients lacking other viable treatment options. In a case series observational study on 19 patients who underwent treatment with selumetinib in head and neck PNs (31.6%), chest (26.3%), and pelvis (21%) with the most important comorbidities being disfigurement (47.4%) and pain (26.3%), in a mean follow-up time of 223 days, it was concluded that except in one case, all the rest had sustained clinical improvement, mainly in the first 60-90 days of treatment. [6] Finally, in a study from India, the verdict given was that selumetinib can produce sustained shrinkage in most patients with NF1 and symptomatic plexiform neurofibroma and provide meaningful benefit in functional ability, acceptable safety profile and absence of cumulative toxic effects, with more robust evidence in children than previous studies. [7] The estimated progression-free survival at 3 years was 84%. [8]
Conclusion
Plexiform Neurofibromatosis can grow to grotesque sizes, have painful and restrictive symptoms and be a challenge to treat surgically. The mitogen-activated Protein Kinase inhibitor Selumetinib is a beacon of hope as it seems to be effective in reducing progression, mitigating symptoms, and safe enough to use long-term in children.
Source of Funding
None.
Conflict of Interest
None.
References
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