IP Indian Journal of Anatomy and Surgery of Head, Neck and Brain

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IP Indian Journal of Anatomy and Surgery of Head, Neck and Brain (IJASHNB) open access, peer-reviewed quarterly journal publishing since 2015 and is published under the Khyati Education and Research Foundation (KERF), is registered as a non-profit society (under the society registration act, 1860), Government of India with the vision of various accredited vocational courses in healthcare, education, paramedical, yoga, publication, teaching and research activity, with the aim of faster and better dissemination of knowledge, we will be publishing more...

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Get Permission Prinja, Aggarwal, Singh, Trivedi, and Dipesh: Vision improvement after trans-sphenoidal resection of pituitary macroadenoma


Introduction

Pituitary adenomas are tumors that occur in Pituitary gland. Pituitary adenomasare generally divided into three categories depending upon their biological function – Benign adenoma, Invasive adenoma, and Carcinomas. Mostly adenomas are benign, approximately 35% are invasive and just 0.1 to 0.2 % are carcinomas.1 Pituitary adenomas comprise 10-15% of intracranial neoplasm andtheirestimated prevalence rate is 17%.2, 3 Approximately 1 in 1000 people develops Pituitary adenoma. Pituitary adenomas are common in sellar area. Micro-adenomas are tumors measuring less than 10 mm in diameter and those of more than 10 mm are termed macro-adenomas. Pituitary adenomas are present with endocrine manifestations secondary to hypo or hyper function of pituitary gland and ophthalmological manifestations due to mass effect. When the tumor grows beyond the confines of sella turcica, it commonly affects visual pathway and visual field deficit are present. Symptoms depend on the presence of Pituitary hypersecretion, absence or reducedhormonal level, destruction of normal Pituitary gland. 4, 5

Pituitary adenomasare usually diagnosed by radiographic examination, history & blood testing for hormonal level.

Here, we present the case of patient with Pituitary macro-adenoma with loss of vision, headache and amenorrhea.

Case Report

A 36-year-old femalewas admitted to our institution with complaints of loss of vision of right eye, headache and amenorrhea for 3 months. Symptoms were progressive in nature.General and systemic examination was found to be normal. Her MRI Scan revealed a well-defined sellar mass, measuring 27 x 23.18 mm, with suprasellar extension, causing expansion of pituitary fossa andsuperiorly extending into Hypothalamus with mild compression over optic chiasma. Her prolactin level was 72.16 ng/ml. Initial diagnosis was pituitary adenoma. Surgery was done under general anesthesia, by Endoscopic assisted Transsphenoidal approach. The adenoma was completely removed. Sella opening was closed by synthetic graft. On awakening from anesthesia visual acuity in right eye was immediately and completely restored. There was some CSF leakage during the surgery that was dealt with at the time. On first post-operative dayvisual acuity was checked and was found 5/6.Intravenous antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs were given for 7 days then patient was discharged.

Figure 1

Pre-operative Contrast-enhanced CT scan of brain showing Pituitary Macroadenoma

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Figure 2

(A)Bilateral sphenoidotomy; (B)Drilling inter sphenoid septum; (C) Incision of duramater; (D)Complete removal of Pituitary Macroadenoma; (E)Closure of defect with HADAD flap

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Discussion

The Pituitary gland is about 2 to 8 mm in size and weight about 0.5 g. It is located within the sella turcica of sphenoid bone at the base of skull & covered by dural fold. Various important structures are present around Pituitary gland. The cavernous sinus and internal carotid artery are present on either side of it. The optic chiasma lies about 10 mm above it. The pituitary gland has two lobes. Anterior lobe secretes seven hormones like TSH, ACTH, GH, FSH, LH & Prolactin. Posterior lobe secretes two hormones- Vasopressin and Oxytocin. Pierre Marie was the first to describe a disease that involved the pituitary gland.6, 7

Pituitary tumors comprise 10-15% of intracranial neoplasm. Pituitary tumors can be classified on the basis of size. Macro-adenomas are more than 10 mm in diameter and micro-adenomas are less than 10mm in diameter. The tumor can also be classified as Chromo phobic, Acidophilic and Basophilic, depending upon the basis of histological staining. The tumors can also be divided on the basis of immune-histochemical staining & by serum hormone level, into secreting and non-secreting. The secreting tumorsconstitute 75% of pituitary adenoma.8, 9 They include:

  1. PRL cell adenoma

  2. Growth hormone

  3. Mix GH & PRL adenoma

  4. Thyrotropin releasing hormone cell adenoma

  5. ACTH cell adenoma

  6. LSH & FSH cell adenoma

Prolactinomas comprise 40-50% of all pituitary adenoma. Prolactinomas generally occur in reproductive aged females and manifest with amenorrhea, galactorrhea. In males, it presents with gynecomastia, testicular atrophy, reduced body hair and impotence.10 Pituitary adenomas can also present with sudden onset of headache and loss of vision due to hemorrhage and necrosis of tumor as pituitary apoplexy.11

Diagnosis of pituitary adenomas is based upon radiological imaging (CT and MRI) and measurement ofserum hormone level. They can be hyperdense oriso-dense compared with adjacent brain tissue and can show homogenous contrast enhancement with contrast material.12

Differential diagnosis includes olfactory neuroblastoma, Germinoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma.13

Pituitary adenomas can be treated by medical therapy, surgery and radiation therapy depending upon size, sign and symptom.

Conclusion

Pituitary adenoma is a complex set of benign tumors that present with hypersecretory syndrome and mass effect. An appropriate imaging of pituitary region using MRI and endocrinologic consultation is the standard for detection of pituitary adenoma. Although, medical management and radiotherapy offer effective treatment for these tumors in specific situations, Endoscopic Trans-sphenoidal approach continues to provide optimal outcomes with low incidence of morbidity.

Conflicts of Interest

All contributing authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Source of Funding

None.

References

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R Basari VK Srivastava SM Vasenwala H Ansari Pituitary adenoma: A case report with special emphasis on approach to diagnosisClin Cancer Investig J20143264710.4103/2278-0513.132129

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S Ezzat S L Asa WT Couldwell CE Barr WE Dodge ML Vance The prevalence of pituitary adenomasCancer20041013613910.1002/cncr.20412

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R T Costello Subclinical adenoma of pituitary glandAm J Pathol19361220516

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K V Raju M V Ruby Pituitary macroadenoma: A case presentationKerala J Ophthalmol2006185860

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B M Arafah M P Nasrallah Pituitary tumors: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and management.Endocrine Relat Cancer2001828730510.1677/erc.0.0080287

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K Kovacs E Horvath Pathology of Pituitary TumorsEndocrinol Metabol Clin North Am19871635295110.1016/s0889-8529(18)30463-8

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P N Riskind E P Richardson Clinicopathologic conference-SNN Engl J Med1986314229

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MBS Lopes The 2017 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the pituitary gland: a summaryActa Neuropathol201713445219510.1007/s00401-017-1769-8

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J Seltzer Outcomes following transsphenoidal surgical management of incidental pituitary adenomas: a series of 52 patients over a 17-year periodJ Neurosurg20191301581592

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ME Molitch Diagnosis and Treatment of Pituitary AdenomasJAMA2017317551610.1001/jama.2016.19699

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RN Nawar D AbdelMannan WR Selman BM Arafah Analytic Review: Pituitary Tumor Apoplexy: A ReviewJ Intensive Care Med2008232759010.1177/0885066607312992

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JA Jane MP Michael ER Laws Surgical Treatment of Pituitary Adenomas2019

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MJ Levy MS Matharu PJ Goadsby Prolactinomas, dopamine agonists and headache: two case reportsEur J Neurol20031021697310.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.00549.x



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Article type

Case Report


Article page

39-41


Authors Details

Sumit Prinja, Varun Aggarwal, Ramandeep Singh, Bhumika Trivedi, Dipesh


Article History

Received : 21-03-2021

Accepted : 25-03-2021


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