Restoring Range of Motion and Strength
Post-surgical HNC patients often experience restricted movement due to surgical resection, tissue scarring, or lymph node dissection. Reduced range of motion (ROM) in the neck and shoulders is common, limiting everyday activities like eating, speaking, and even maintaining posture. Physiotherapists employ a range of manual therapy techniques, including joint mobilizations and soft tissue massage, to reduce stiffness and improve mobility. Active and passive stretching exercises are also incorporated into rehabilitation programs to restore ROM and prevent joint contractures.1
Additionally, strengthening exercises are essential to address muscle weakness, particularly in the shoulder girdle and neck muscles. These exercises not only help restore functional strength but also assist in posture correction, which can be negatively impacted after surgery. Strengthening programs are designed based on the severity of surgery and the patient’s recovery stage.
Respiratory Rehabilitation
Surgical interventions in the head and neck region can affect respiratory function, especially if the airway is compromised or if there is significant scarring in the throat or chest.2 Physiotherapists focus on respiratory rehabilitation through techniques such as diaphragmatic breathing, pursed-lip breathing, and techniques for lung expansion to improve ventilation. These exercises are essential to help patients manage breathlessness, increase lung capacity, and ensure optimal respiratory function post-surgery.
In addition to these techniques, airway clearance strategies can be taught to help patients with secretion management and prevent respiratory infections, which are a common concern in post-surgical HNC patients.
Swallowing and Speech Rehabilitation
Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) is one of the most common challenges for HNC patients after surgery, often resulting from resection of oral, pharyngeal, or laryngeal tissues. Physiotherapists collaborate closely with speech and language therapists (SLTs) to design rehabilitation programs aimed at restoring swallowing function. Techniques such as compensatory swallowing strategies, strengthening exercises for the swallowing muscles, and postural adjustments during eating are employed to improve food intake and reduce aspiration risk.3
Speech rehabilitation is equally important, as patients may experience difficulty speaking due to surgery that affects the vocal cords, soft palate, or other speech-related structures.4 A physiotherapist might assist in exercises designed to restore strength and coordination of the muscles involved in speech, helping the patient regain clear communication and improve social interactions.
Lymphedema Management
Lymphedema is a frequent complication following neck dissection, which involves the removal of lymph nodes to prevent cancer spread. This condition leads to the accumulation of lymphatic fluid, causing swelling in the head, neck, and shoulders. Physiotherapists are trained in manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) techniques, which are designed to stimulate the lymphatic system and reduce swelling. In addition, they educate patients on self-care strategies, including compression garments, massage, and exercise programs to further control lymphedema and prevent complications.
Psychosocial Support and Pain Management
Chronic pain, fatigue, and psychological distress are common among post-surgical HNC patients. Physiotherapists use various modalities, including transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), heat or cold therapy, and therapeutic ultrasound, to manage pain and discomfort. Additionally, physical activity is encouraged as part of a holistic approach to reduce fatigue, enhance mood, and improve overall mental well-being.5, 6
Pain management is often coupled with education about the importance of engaging in daily activities, which can help reduce feelings of isolation and depression.7 A physiotherapist’s role in encouraging regular movement, social engagement, and relaxation techniques is essential for improving the patient’s emotional and psychological recovery.
Tailored Rehabilitation Programs
The rehabilitation needs of each HNC patient are unique, depending on factors such as the type and extent of surgery, pre-existing conditions, and individual goals.8 Physiotherapists work closely with oncologists, speech therapists, dietitians, and other healthcare professionals to develop individualized treatment plans.9 These plans are regularly assessed and adjusted to ensure optimal recovery outcomes. Early intervention is key to preventing long-term complications such as permanent functional impairment, pain, and emotional distress.
Conclusion
Post-surgical rehabilitation for head and neck cancer patients is a multifaceted process that involves a combination of physical, respiratory, swallowing, and emotional support.10 Physiotherapists play a critical role in guiding patients through the rehabilitation journey, ensuring that they regain functional independence, manage symptoms effectively, and improve their quality of life.11 With early and tailored intervention, physiotherapy can significantly enhance recovery, helping HNC survivors navigate the challenges of post-surgical life.12 Through a collaborative, patient-centered approach, rehabilitation can offer hope for improved outcomes and a return to daily activities.13
